Panaeolus cyanescens and cambodginiensis are 4 spored, the former occasionally 2 spored. Panaeolus tropicalis is 2 spored. Psilocybe cubensis itself is sometimes 2, or 3 spored versus the normal 4 spored. Psilocybe cubensis, Pan. cyanescens, and Pan. cambodginiensis should all have the same breeding system. Heterolthallic.The fruit of a mushroom is the part that grows out of the ground, specifically the cap and stem. The fruiting process is when those parts of the mushroom begin to grow to fruition. When trying to trigger this process, it’s important to have all the right conditions, including humidity, proper lighting, and substrate in your mushroom grow kit.Z Strain is a medium-sized mushroom. Its cap is golden-brown, similar to the Golden Teacher mushroom—one of the reasons why people believe that Z Strain is genetic isolation of Golden teacher. However, no other evidence suggests a connection between the two mushrooms. Z Strain has a thick stalk that gets wider toward the base.Jun 14, 2021 · Effects. Blue Meanie is considered among the most potent P. cubensis strains, with a high that is visual, physical, euphoric, energetic, and introspective [ii]. The trip usually begins anywhere from forty-five minutes to an hour after ingestion, though since the effects can go on intensifying for some time, users are advised not to take any ... Smoothies are a great way to get your daily dose of fruits and vegetables. They’re easy to make, delicious, and can be enjoyed at any time of the day. If you’re a beginner looking ...Casing colonization. Psilocybe Cubensis Thai (cake 2). 4 days after casing. ️ 4 days after: Casing colonization. Psilocybe Cubensis Thai. 4 days after casing When mushroom cakes are ready for fruiting conditions. When 70-100% of the top substrate is colonized by mycelium it's time to prepare the fruiting chamber and provide fruiting conditions.Place an exhaust fan in the grow space. Make holes in either side of the container. 2. Lower Temperature. The perfect temperature for Golden Teacher Mushrooms to fruit is 70-75°F. The temperature should be constant throughout the fruiting process. These Mushrooms will not grow well if the temperature drops too low.Wash your fruiting chamber thoroughly before placing mushroom cakes for the new flush of fruiting. Pour one glass of water in your growbox tub (Optional! You can add 5-10 ml of H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide solution …Kids enjoy the summer and need nourishment when reaching for snacks. A healthy and tasty snack for children is a delicious Fruit Kebab (Fruit Kabob) which is fresh fruit on a skewe...Psilocybe cubensis, commonly known as the magic mushroom, shroom, golden halo, cube, or gold cap, is a species of psilocybin mushroom of moderate potency whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin.It belongs to the fungus family Hymenogastraceae and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis.It is the best …Psilocybe cubensis is the most commonly grown psychedelic mushroom in North America and Europe, but the Ecuador cubensis strain of this species is less commonly grown. Various commercially available Ecuador Cubensis growing kits are available that only require the addition of water and produce fruiting mushrooms usually within 12 to 15 days.Set your fruiting chamber in a clean well lit area, keeping it out of direct sunlight. Ideal conditions are between 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit. Mist the walls of your fruiting chamber with water three to six times daily to keep the humidity levels up. Fan the tub daily using the lid, typically after misting.Apr 10, 2021 ... Mushroom Fruiting Timelapse and Harvest ... Fruiting Conditions To Flush - Shoeboxes With No Liner | Beginner's Guide To Growing Mushrooms.potent for a P.cubensis strain. The infamous B+ strain of cubensis... what a chameleon this one is. This is by far the most versatile cubensis around. Adapting and growing in such a wide range of temperature conditions and substrates in nature.. It truly thrives to spread its seed, which by the way its a very heavy spore depositor.potent for a P.cubensis strain. The infamous B+ strain of cubensis... what a chameleon this one is. This is by far the most versatile cubensis around. Adapting and growing in such a wide range of temperature conditions and substrates in nature.. It truly thrives to spread its seed, which by the way its a very heavy spore depositor.The concept of the “Fruit of the Spirit” is a central theme in Christian teachings. It refers to a set of virtues that are believed to be produced by the Holy Spirit in the lives o... 🔬 Conditions for experiment. Available: 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis Thai - 2 mushroom cakes, tomentose mycelium (fluffy, cloudy). 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis Brazil - 2 mushroom cakes, rhizomorphic mycelium (root-like, wiry-type structure). 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis F+ - 3 mushroom cakes with stroma overlay. Each strain from a single spore print. When the substrate is fully colonized, and you begin to see the primordia (early mushroom pins) forming, you’ll need to introduce fruiting conditions. Conclusion. Using colonized grains as spawn to grow cubensis mushrooms is …Cause: While cubensis is mostly considered a hollow-stemmed species and some varieties are more hollow than others, this "problem" can be attributed, at least partially, to high temperatures in the fruiting chamber. Solution: Lower the temperatures in the fruiting chamber and surrounding area, and you will encourage thicker, dense stems to form ...When growing the Psilocybe cubensis it’s sometimes possible to deviate from the ideal conditions and still get a fine harvest. When growing the Panaeolus cyanescens and the Panaeolus tropicalis, the delivery of ideal conditions may be the difference between a good harvest of no harvest at all. ... The fruiting conditions are: – (indirect ...The recommended temperature for fruiting is between 22-27°C (70-79°F). Somewhere in the middle around 24-25°C would be optimal, but staying within the range is ...Set your fruiting chamber in a clean well lit area, keeping it out of direct sunlight. Ideal conditions are between 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit. Mist the walls of your fruiting chamber with water three to six times daily to keep the humidity levels up. Fan the tub daily using the lid, typically after misting.Patreon no longer exists, here is the replacement for even more benefits! Become a free member today! https://tinyurl.com/SagesWebsiteBackup YT Channel, subs...Growth Parameters. Mycelial Types: Rhizomorphic to linear; whitish in overall color but often bruising bluish where injured. Standard Spawn Medium: Rye grain. See Chapter III. Fruiting Substrate: Rye grain; wheat straw; leached horse or cow manure and/or horse manure/straw compost balanced to a 71-74% moisture content.A sample of the P. cubensis fruiting body was deposited at the Institute of Jamaica collection with accession number #IJ F-3406. 2.2.1. Spawn preparation. To produce spawn of P. cubensis Malabar, popcorn grains were rinsed, soaked overnight in water, boiled until partially hydrated i.e. al dente (approximately 2 h at 100 °C), drained and ...The Tidal Wave strain is part of the Psilocybe cubensis species and was reportedly the only strain with a higher tryptamine and psilocybin content than the famed Penis Envy. A sample submitted by Magic Myco Farm in the Spring 2021 cup contained a whopping 3.82% total tryptamines. This record has yet to be broken.Flush #2 of fruiting period. STEP 15. Harvest results after first rehydration. Second flush of mushroom fruiting and crop weight. Pinhead initiation. Fruiting conditions. STEP 10. Basic principles of pin setting. Fruiting parameters for pinning, primordia formation, and fruit bodies develop...The highest quality mushrooms with good fruiting speed develop at temperatures in the low 60’s F. If a fruiting room was designed perfectly, keeping it around 62-65 degrees F would be ideal. This is a big part of the appeal to fruiting mushrooms in basements and other in …The psilocybe coprophila, popularly known as the dung-loving psilocybe, and psilocybe cubensis are the two species of mushrooms that grow individually or in clusters on cow or hors...Nov 25, 2023 · Ideal Growing Conditions: Habitat: Native to South Africa, often grows in grassy areas. Substrate: Similar to P. cubensis, use pasteurized straw or other organic substrates. Temperature: Colonize at 75-80°F (24-27°C). Humidity: High humidity during fruiting. Light: Indirect light is necessary. Fruiting Conditions: Fresh air exchange and ... The highest quality mushrooms with good fruiting speed develop at temperatures in the low 60’s F. If a fruiting room was designed perfectly, keeping it around 62-65 degrees F would be ideal. This is a big part of the appeal to fruiting mushrooms in basements and other in …Psilocybe Cubensis mushrooms flourish under specific temperature and humidity parameters. The optimal temperature range for mushroom fruiting lies between 75-81°F (24-27°C). However, during the earlier colonization stages, a slightly higher temperature range of 77-83°F (25-28°C) can encourage faster mycelial growth.Ideal Growing Conditions. Selecting a Substrate. Inoculation and Colonization. Fruiting and Harvesting. Consuming Psilocybe Cubensis. Drying Psilocybe Cubensis. Powdering Psilocybe Cubensis. Brewing …Historically, shroom cultivators had generally two options for fruiting their mushrooms: Shroom “cakes” from a jar, placed in a fruiting chamber “Spawning to bulk” in a plastic tub, with a substrate. The concept with both Teks are the same: Introduce water, humidity, evaporation, and FAE (Fresh Air Exchange). You are simulating the ...A hardy forgiving strain makes this an excellent choice for beginners as it grows easily in a variety of conditions. ... The B+ magic mushroom is a Psilocybe cubensis, a species of psychedelic mushroom. ... The B+ has been witnessed growing outdoors in nature fruiting several times in a wide range of temps and substrates. Several times one ...Whereas some growers rely on a set schedule of 12/12 lighting, others prefer to give their shrooms much less light. A 12/12 schedule ensures that mushrooms have a healthy amount of light to grow. However, this much light is likely unnecessary, and the fruiting process can be completed just as well with much less.Fruiting Conditions: Fresh air exchange and misting. 3. Psilocybe tampensis (Florida Psilocybe) Summary: Psilocybe tampensis, native to Florida, thrives …Read this article for lists of fruits and vegetables that continue to ripen after they're picked and those that are best when picked fully ripe. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom...A shotgun fruiting chamber is easier to set up but it’s often more difficult to keep airflow and humidity at optimal levels. The number of holes – Shotgun fruiting chambers have lots of small 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) holes on all 6 sides, including the top and bottom, whereas monotubs only have a few 2-inch (5 cm) sized holes on the sides.I know you aren't trying to spread misinformation, I'm not trying to be a d hole. I thought you meant Cubensis, well I guessed. But what I meant was Cubensis species like PE strains require higher CO2 levels, so you case them after it fully colonizes. Sometimes there just isnt cookie cutter conditions you can use for all cubes.Dec 18, 2020 ... et al. Mycochemical profile of mycelia and fruiting body of Panaeolus cyanescens and its optimal submerged culture conditions for antioxidant ...Many have found that that the ideal fruiting temperature is between 68 and 72°F (20 - 22,2 °C). Humidity. Cubensis fruit best in a 100% humidity environment. Fruit bodies will …Drop the temperature to induce fruiting. This is usually around 70-75 degrees. You will need to look into the specific species of mushroom you are cultivating to find out what the fruiting temperatures are. Open the bag once a day or every other day to give the substrate fresh air.What is a mushroom fruiting chamber? A mushroom fruiting chamber is a simulated environment that creates the ideal conditions for mushrooms to fruit. Mushroom fruiting chambers mimic the natural environment that mushrooms grow in. Mushroom fruiting chambers need the right lighting, temperature, CO2 levels, and humidity.Jedi Mind Fuck, sometimes called “Jedi Mind Trip,” or just JMF, is a Psilocybe cubensis strain known for its exceptional potency — however, this doesn’t match the analytical data currently available on this mushroom. It seems the claims this strain results in a “mind fuck” are a bit exaggerated. The strongest of four separate ...🔬 Conditions for experiment. Available: 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis Thai - 2 mushroom cakes, tomentose mycelium (fluffy, cloudy). 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis Brazil - 2 mushroom cakes, rhizomorphic mycelium (root-like, wiry-type structure). 🔸 Psilocybe Cubensis F+ - 3 mushroom cakes with stroma overlay. Each strain from a single spore print.Factors Affecting Fruiting Conditions. Creating the right fruiting conditions is crucial for the successful cultivation of Cubensis mushrooms. Several factors play a significant role in the fruiting process, including light, temperature, humidity, air circulation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Light requirementsCompletely cover the substrate layer with colonized grain, adding about .5 inches of depth, then using gloves you will begin to mix the spawn with the substrate, equally distributing the grains with the substrate. Once mixed, cover the fruiting chamber with a lid or plastic wrap. Colonization: Set the grow chamber aside for the colonization phase.When it comes to making a refreshing and delicious fruit punch, choosing the right fruits is essential. The combination of flavors and textures can make or break your homemade crea...Advice on fruiting a shoebox. Once the substrate is completely colonised with white mycelium, the Fruiting can starts. Fruiting usually requires the following: Light Exposure, allow light (natural or bulb) to hit mycelium for 12 hours a day. Note: a good way to avoid premature & side pinning is to try and block the light exposure to when and ...Jedi Mind Fuck, sometimes called “Jedi Mind Trip,” or just JMF, is a Psilocybe cubensis strain known for its exceptional potency — however, this doesn’t match the analytical data currently available on this mushroom. It seems the claims this strain results in a “mind fuck” are a bit exaggerated. The strongest of four separate ...Overall mushroom potency varies by growing conditions. Set and setting also play important roles during any trip. ... Like other Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, Z Strain will grow best when the temperature sits in the subtropical range–somewhere around 75°F (24°C). Mushrooms are generally comfortable at the same temperature as humans.Time lapse of the entire process from pins to harvest. The tub I harvested here is a 6qt tub with one bag of UB, it produced 141g wet and the rest of the mushies came from my other four tubs all going simultaneously. I realize it’s a bit misleading to show a single tub fruiting and being harvested and then showing a massive amount being ...Fruiting conditions means that you will place the open substrate with the casing layer somewhere where there’s light, fresh air and lower temperatures. When the substrate is totally colonized by the mycelium, you will add the casing layer. Then, put it back in the incubation room for a few days. When the mycelium comes through the casing ...A hardy forgiving strain makes this an excellent choice for beginners as it grows easily in a variety of conditions. ... The B+ magic mushroom is a Psilocybe cubensis, a species of psychedelic mushroom. ... The B+ has been witnessed growing outdoors in nature fruiting several times in a wide range of temps and substrates. Several times one ...A sample of the P. cubensis fruiting body was deposited at the Institute of Jamaica collection with accession number #IJ F-3406. 2.2.1. Spawn preparation. To produce spawn of P. cubensis Malabar, popcorn grains were rinsed, soaked overnight in water, boiled until partially hydrated i.e. al dente (approximately 2 h at 100 °C), drained and ...To stimulate fruiting and grow healthy mushrooms, you need to create fruiting conditions. One of the most challenging aspects for many growers is achieving the right balance between fresh air exchange and humidity. A fruiting chamber makes maintaining this balance easier, and mushrooms in fruiting chambers need less monitoring and input.Home Shop Products tagged “golden teacher fruiting conditions”. Showing all 2 results. Show sidebarPsilocybe cubensis are the most commonly cultivated "magic" mushroom. They're very easy to grow, tolerant of faults, and the spores are readily available. ... This document may be freely copied and distributed so long as the following conditions are met: ... it is time to induce fruiting.Psilocybe azurescens and Cyanescens require a temperature ...Fruits are ripened from the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, which is best triggered using high temperatures or by wounding the flesh of fruits. Plants produce their own ethylene, a...Fanning should be performed for approximately 30 seconds, twice per day. After fanning, put the lid back on the monotub. Remember to fan twice per day until the substrate is no longer producing mushrooms. Step 4: After you have introduced your monotub to fruiting conditions and a scheduled light cycle, you will see primordia start to form in ..."after having done some trials I put my tubs into fruiting conditions(lid upside down for air gaps) immediately. I have noticed faster colonization times, faster times to pinning as well. Cubensis is an aerobic organism, While some old books talk about high co2 during colonization my own tests show clearly that FAE right away is superior.The preparations of P. cubensis mycelium and grain mycelium were compared for their targeted compound content. Targeted analysis revealed the fruiting body chemistry to be chemically distinct from that of mycelium and grain mycelium, as indicated in a PCA score plot ().The loading plot reveled psilocybin influencing the clustering of …For this classic summer stone fruit salad recipe, an easy vanilla syrup coats fresh ripe nectarines or peaches, apricots, plums, and cherries. Pistachios add texture. This is all a...To stimulate fruiting and grow healthy mushrooms, you need to create fruiting conditions. One of the most challenging aspects for many growers is achieving the right balance between fresh air exchange and humidity. A fruiting chamber makes maintaining this balance easier, and mushrooms in fruiting chambers need less monitoring and input.What is Mushroom Pinning? Mushroom pinning is the process that takes place in the first stages of mushroom formation. When a fungus has enough nutrients, specific environmental conditions will trigger the production of fruiting bodies that we know as mushrooms. When this happens, the fungal mycelium shifts its focus away from growing in search of more …Are you craving a light and healthy snack that bursts with natural sweetness? Look no further than a refreshing fruit salad. Packed with vitamins, minerals, and fiber, fruit salads...These are going to taste like shit - Elkart Mature Penis Envy strain Psilocybe Cubensis - RogerRabbit Mature cubensis fruits, in a plastic tarp fruiting chamber set up. Growing on a straw log ... Conditions are not correct for germination of spores in sugar LCs, grain LCs or extra light malt extract based LCs are perfect for spore germination. ...Mushroom fruiting is the process where the mycelium develops into the visible mushroom with a cap and stem. For successful fruiting, it's essential to provide the ideal conditions that mimic the mushrooms' natural environment. Here are the crucial factors to consider when creating the ideal conditions for mushroom fruiting:There must be evaporation of moisture from the substrate for pins to form. A waterlogged substrate will just sit there forever without pinning. Even in 99% humidity, as long as you provide fresh air, moisture will be evaporating away from the substrate, and this is necessary for pinning.Usually pinning and fruiting start only in 3-4 weeks after providing fruiting conditions. Fruiting cycle (2-3 flushes) lasts about 2-3 month. Mexicana and Tampanensis mushrooms are smaller than Cubensis. They have thin wavy stems and small caps. P. tampanensis fruiting. Sometimes sclerotia species don't fruit and impossible to get them fruiting.Substrate Temperature: 84 - 86°F. Duration of Case Run: 5-10 days. CO2: 5000-10,000 ppm. Fresh Air Exchanges: 0 per hour. Light: Incubation in total darkness. …Psilocybe cubensis is the most commonly grown psychedelic mushroom in North America and Europe, but the Ecuador cubensis strain of this species is less commonly grown. Various commercially available Ecuador Cubensis growing kits are available that only require the addition of water and produce fruiting mushrooms usually within 12 to 15 days.note: I forgot to mention ideal temperature in the video, from my experience room temp from 70-73° has been ideal. you can keep them at higher temps, say aro...Penis Envy is still psilocybe cubensis it doesn't have different parameters.. My temperature range preference is 65-75 with 68-72 being most ideal PE does do best on a bulk substrate not on cakes or jars though -----Wash your fruiting chamber thoroughly before placing mushroom cakes for the new flush of fruiting. Pour one glass of water in your growbox tub (Optional! You can add 5-10 ml of H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide solution …Regarding indoor cultivations, mushrooms thrive on a multitude of substrates including coffee, brown rice flour, straw, and sawdust.4 The most suitable substrate for P.Cubensis is said to be rye grain. If grown inside a mason jar – a popular and effective method of cultivation – mycelium will permeate the grain within ten to fifteen days.Fly-research could save your life. Cancer research is a global effort involving millions of people, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster—which has been helping our understandi...
Fruiting conditions for the next flush of fruiting. Temperature +20°..+25°C for Psilocybe Cubensis. Relative humidity 90-92% (85-95% is allowed) Light 12 hours on/off cycle. FAE 4-6 times a day for 2-3 minutes. Or turn on air pump 24/7. Or turn on PC fan for 1-2 minutes every 2-4 hours. Waiting for the 4th flush — Step 17.. Robert dean ii obituary
Light isn’t a huge factor, but they do benefit from light in all stages of growth. Some indirect light from a window or a 6500k bulb is ideal. But again, light is a small part f the equation really. At this point just watch the surface conditions and if something starts turning green, it’s contaminated.Read this article for lists of fruits and vegetables that continue to ripen after they're picked and those that are best when picked fully ripe. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom...Mar 25, 2023 · Put about 2 inches deep of perlite inbox (about 1/2 bag). Be careful about breathing in the dust (use a mask or add some water to the bottom to help stop dusk). Add water to 1 inch deep in a box (about 3 pints). Place the magic mushroom grows box kit (without the lid on) in the middle of the box. Effects. Golden Teacher is of roughly average potency, as P. cubensis strains go [i], and trips are often shorter than average, only two to four hours [ii] —an advantage for beginners who don’t know yet whether they’ll like the trip. Users report a very calm, relaxing experience with only mild visuals but a strong body component.Fruiting conditions means to put the tub into conditions in which the mycelium will be triggered to start producing mushrooms. These mainly being Light and Low CO2 levels ( High FAE ). There are other conditions, but these mostly stay the same as colonizing conditions. Basically all fruiting conditions will mean to you is to flip the lid to let ...I know you aren't trying to spread misinformation, I'm not trying to be a d hole. I thought you meant Cubensis, well I guessed. But what I meant was Cubensis species like PE strains require higher CO2 levels, so you case them after it fully colonizes. Sometimes there just isnt cookie cutter conditions you can use for all cubes.B+ mushrooms are known for their large size, with some specimens reaching up to 30 centimeters in height. The average fruiting body is said to range between six to eight inches with extended caps that reach up to three inches in diameter. Similar to other cubensis strains, the color of the caps can range from light to dark brown as they mature ...Read this article for lists of fruits and vegetables that continue to ripen after they're picked and those that are best when picked fully ripe. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom... Fruiting conditions means that you will place the open substrate with the casing layer somewhere where there’s light, fresh air and lower temperatures. When the substrate is totally colonized by the mycelium, you will add the casing layer. Then, put it back in the incubation room for a few days. When the mycelium comes through the casing ... Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms and mycelium are generally the happiest between 22°C – 27°C or 70°F – 80°F. While they will grow in colder temperatures, their growth rates will be far from nominal, and not ideal for cultivation. At temperatures over 28 °C or 82 °F, growth may get stunted and the mycelium is more susceptible to …Fruiting Conditions: Fresh air exchange and misting. 3. Psilocybe tampensis (Florida Psilocybe) Summary: Psilocybe tampensis, native to Florida, thrives …A chemical in grapefruits and related citrus fruits can mess with a protein our body uses to absorb medications. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice interact with various medications. ...Psilocybe Cubensis mushrooms flourish under specific temperature and humidity parameters. The optimal temperature range for mushroom fruiting lies between 75-81°F (24-27°C). However, during the earlier colonization stages, a slightly higher temperature range of 77-83°F (25-28°C) can encourage faster mycelial growth.When growing the Psilocybe cubensis it’s sometimes possible to deviate from the ideal conditions and still get a fine harvest. When growing the Panaeolus cyanescens and the Panaeolus tropicalis, the delivery of ideal conditions may be the difference between a good harvest of no harvest at all. ... The fruiting conditions are: – (indirect ...the faq doesn't really explain the fruiting temp though. It does say that optimum incubating/colonizing temp is 80-86, and then whenever it discussed fruiting temp like this: fruiting temp: 74-78 degrees. Now my question is, what does it do to growing when the fruiting temp is higher than 78?Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms and mycelium are generally the happiest between 22°C – 27°C or 70°F – 80°F. While they will grow in colder temperatures, their growth rates will be far from nominal, and not ideal for cultivation. At temperatures over 28 °C or 82 °F, growth may get stunted and the mycelium is more susceptible to contamination.Another recent find is that in order to reduce or eliminate blob formation with PE you need to let the spawn consolidate for 2 weeks after hitting 100% colonization. The easiest way to obtain spores from PE fruits is swabbing the gills of a mature cap with a sterile q-tip or swab.Read this article for lists of fruits and vegetables that continue to ripen after they're picked and those that are best when picked fully ripe. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom...The main task for you for the first 2 weeks of fruiting period is maintaining proper fruiting conditions: ️ Air temperature. Optimum air temperature for Psilocybe Cubensis in the fruiting chamber is +21°..+23°C or 70-74°F. The acceptable range is +20°..+25°C or 68-77°F.the faq doesn't really explain the fruiting temp though. It does say that optimum incubating/colonizing temp is 80-86, and then whenever it discussed fruiting temp like this: fruiting temp: 74-78 degrees. Now my question is, what does it do to growing when the fruiting temp is higher than 78?.